Lithium (Li)-ion battery

• Li-ion battery

  Lithium-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery in which a lithium ion moves between the anode and cathode. The lithium ions move from a lithiated graphite (Li_xC₆) structure to a delithiated (Li_1-xCoO₂) structure during discharge and the reverse process occurs during charge. They are currently one of the most popular types of battery for portable electronics, with one of the best energy-to-weight ratios, no memory effect, and a slow loss of charge when not in use. In addition to uses for consumer electronics, lithium-ion batteries are growing in popularity for defense, automotive, and aerospace applications due to their high energy density.

  

• Characteristics

  High energy density

  • High potential difference (3.5V ~ 4.2 V)

  Long cycle life

  • Over 80% remaining capacity after 500 deep discharge cycles
  • No memory effect like Ni-Cd

  Environmental friendliness

  • Environmentally friendly materials
  • No heavy metal like cadmium, mercury, etc.

• Electrode materials for Li-ion batteries

  Characterization of representative anodes <caption class="dns">Characterization of representative anodes</caption>

  	Li metal	Graphite	Disordered carbon	Li-alloy	Li4Ti5O12
  Capacity	3860 mAh g-1	372 mAh g-1	~250 mAh g-1	>500 mAh g-1	170 mAh g-1
  Potential	Low	Low	Low	Low	High
  Safety	Very poor	Poor	Good	Poor	Excellent
  Application	For next generation battery	Mobile IT	Power tool, HEV	Mobile IT, EV	Safe energy storage

  Characterization of representative cathodes <caption class="dns">Characterization of representative cathodes</caption>

  	LiCoO2	LiNiO2	LiFePO4	LiMnO2	LiMn2O4
  Crystalline system	Layered	Layered	Olivine	Layered	Spinel
  Theoretical capacity	274 mAh g-1	275 mAh g-1	170 mAh g-1	285 mAh g-1	148 mAh g-1
  Specific capacity	ca. 145 mAh g-1	ca. 160 mAh g-1	ca. 150 mAh g-1	ca. 190 mAh g-1	ca. 120 mAh g-1
  Voltage (V, Li/Li+)	3.9 V	3.7 V	3.45 V	2.8 V ~ 3.4 V	4.0 V